Table 4 Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes in vivo
Reprogramming factors | Gene transduction | Species | Disease model | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 (GMT) | Retrovirus | Mouse | Myocardial infarction (MI) | Injected reprogrammed cells | [2] |
Mesp1, Tbx5, Gata4, Nkx2.5, Baf60c (MTGNB) | Using a doxycycline-inducible lentivirus vector | Mouse | MI | Improved survival after myocardial infarction (MI) Differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells | [10] |
Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc (OSKM) | (−) Using secondary MEFs harboring doxycycline-inducible transgenes encoding reprogramming factors | Mouse | MI | Improves heart function after MI Reduce infract area Differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells | [11] |
Gata4, Hand2, Mef2c, Tbx5 (GHMT) | Retrovirus | Mouse | MI | Injected virus 2.4~6.5Â % (border zone) reduction of 50Â % in scar zone | [15] |
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 (GMT) | Lentivirus | Mouse | MI | Injected reprogrammed cells | [16] |
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 (GMT) | Retrovirus | Mouse | MI | Injected virus Almost 35Â % of iCMs in the border/infarct area Improvement 10Â % in ejection fraction | [38] |
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 (GMT) 3F-2A system | Polycistronic vectors (retrovirus) | Mouse | MI | Injected virus 1~3Â % (border zone) | [31] |
miR-1, miR-133, miR-208, miR-499 | microRNA | Mouse | MI | Added JAK inhibitor ~1Â % (border zone) | [18] |
GMT and Vegf (GMT/VEGF) | Lentivirus | Rat | MI | Injected virus Improvement in ejection fraction fourfold greater in GMT/VEGF vs GMT only | [40] |