From: Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of cardiac fibrosis
 | Models/treatments | Species | Age or weight/cells | Follow-up | Markers of proliferation | Functional improvements comments | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factors | Neuregulin 1 | In vitro | Â | Rat | ARCM | Â | BrdU, Aurora B | Â | [57] |
 | In vivo | IP injection | Mouse | 12 weeks | 9 days | BrdU, pH3, Aurora B |  | ||
 | MI | IP injection after MI | Mouse | 8 weeks | 14 weeks | BrdU, pH3, Aurora B | EF, scar size | ||
 | Periostin | In vitro |  | Rat | ARCM |  | BrdU, Aurora B |  | [58] |
 | In vivo | Injection into the myocardium | Rat | 300 g | 7 days | BrdU, Aurora B |  | ||
 | MI | Gelfoam patches to epicardial after MI | Rat | 300 g | 12 weeks | BrdU, Aurora B (1 and 12 weeks) | EF, FS, scar size | ||
 | Oncostatin M | In vitro |  | Rat | NRCM |  | EdU |  | [59] |
 | MI | IP injection after MI | Mouse | 12 weeks | 21 days |  | survival, EF | ||
 | Salvador (Salv) | In vivo | NKX 2.5-Cre; Salv flox/flox (Salv CKO) | Mouse | E12.5, P2 |  | pH3 (E12.5) | Thickened ventricular walls, enlarged ventricular chambers | [60] |
 | Yes-associated protein (Yap) | In vivo | αMHC-YapS112A | Mouse | P28 | 21 days | pH3, Aurora B (7 days) | FS, scar size (21 days) | [61] |
 | Yes-associated protein (Yap) | In vivo | αMHC-rtTA; Yap, induction by doxycycline | Mouse | 8 weeks | 5 weeks | EdU, pH3 | EF, scar size | [62] |
 | In vivo | AAV9-cTnT-hYap injection into the myocardium | Mouse | 10–12 weeks | 23 weeks | EdU (5 days) | FS (4 weeks), survival (23 weeks) | ||
miRNAs | miR-15 family | In vivo | anti-miR-15/16Â s.c. injection | Mouse | P2 | 10Â days | pH3 | Â | [63] |
 | miR-15 family | I/R | anti-miR-15 s.c. injection before I/R | Mouse | P21 | 21 days | pH3 (7 days) | FS (21 days) | [37] |
 | miR-590, miR-199a | In vitro | Transfection | Rat/Mouse | ARCM, NRCM, NMCM |  | Ki67, EdU, pH3, Aurora B |  | [64] |
 | In vivo | hsa-miR-590-3p or hsa-miR-199a-3p injection into the myocrdium | Rat | P0 | 4 days | EdU |  | ||
 | In vivo | AAV9-miR-590 or AAV9-miR-199a IP injection | Mouse | P0 | 12 days | pH3 |  | ||
 | MI | AAV9-miR-590 or AAV9-miR-199a IP injection after MI | Mouse | 8–12 weeks | 60 days | EdU | EF, FS, scar size | ||
 | miR-222 | In vitro | Transfection | Rat | NRCM |  | Ki67, EdU |  | [65] |
 | I/R | αMHC-tTA; miR-222 induction by doxycycline deprivation before I/R | Mouse | 10–12 weeks | 6 weeks | EdU. pH3 | FS, scar size | ||
 | miR-17-92 family | In vitro | Transfection | Rat | NRCM |  | EdU, Aurora B |  | [66] |
 | In vivo | NKX 2.5-Cre; miR-17–92 | Mouse | E16.5, P4 |  | pH3 |  | ||
 | In vivo | αMHC-Cre; miR-17–92 | Mouse | P15 |  | EdU, pH3, Aurora B |  | ||
 | MI | αMHC-MerCreMer; miR-17–92 induction by tamoxifen after MI | Mouse | 2 months | 4 months | EdU | FS, scar size | ||
Small molecule | BIO | In vitro | Â | Rat | NRCM | Â | BrdU, pH3 | Â | [67] |