Cell types | Characteristics | References |
---|---|---|
Calvarial osteoclasts | Larger in size and utilize distinct proteases from long bone osteoclasts | |
Odontoclasts | Resorb dental tissues, but differences from osteoclasts are not clear | [46] |
Vascular-associated osteoclasts (VAOs) | Closely associated with type H vessels to regulate blood vessel growth | [47] |
Septoclasts | Cartilage-resorbing mesenchymal cells characterized by expression of FABP5 and MMPs | [48] |
Type H endothelial cells | Produce MMP9 to degrade cartilage | [47] |
Arthritis-associated osteoclastogenic macrophages (AtoMs) | Arthritis-associated osteoclast precursors controlled by transcription factor FoxM1 | [49] |
Osteoclast precursors with myeloid suppressor function | Expand in the bone marrow of arthritic mice and inhibit T-cell proliferation | [50] |
Osteoclasts associated with bone loss induced by colitis and estrogen deficiency | Containing heterogeneous population with distinct immune regulatory functions | |
Fracture-associated osteoclasts | Derived from yolk-sac macrophage descendants residing in the adult spleen | [53] |
Fracture-associated circulating CX3CR1+ precursors | Migrate to the fracture sites and differentiate into osteoclasts | [54] |
Obesity-associated osteoclast precursors | High-fat diet-induced monocytic MDSCs capable of differentiating into osteoclasts | [55] |
Osteomorphs | Daughter cells produced by osteoclast fission capable of fusing back into osteoclasts | [56] |