Fig. 5

The TGF-β-TGFBR1-β-catenin signaling pathway was involved in HCT. a RNA sequencing of the livers of the WT-TAA and KO-TAA groups. The enrichment pathways of downregulated differentially expressed genes (KO-TAA group vs. WT-TAA group) are presented as a bubble chart. b and c Primary mouse hepatocytes were isolated and treated with different concentrations of TGF-β for 24 h. The protein levels of HNF4α, SOX9, COX-2, total and active β-catenin, Cyclin D1, and TGFBR1 were measured by WB. d RNA sequencing of primary mouse hepatocytes treated with vehicle or TGF-β. The expression of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers is presented as a heatmap. e The enrichment pathways of upregulated differentially expressed genes (TGF-β vs. vehicle) are presented as a bubble chart. f The mRNA expression of critical molecules in the β-catenin pathway is presented as a heatmap. Images were cropped and scaled for illustration purposes from original Western blot images provided in supplementary files. †Nonsense-Mediated Decay enhanced by the Exon Junction Complex. ‡Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant (one-way ANOVA, n = 3/group)