Table 1 The summary of stem cell-based drug delivery strategy for skin regeneration and wound healing
Strategy | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
Stem cell membrane-coated nanoparticles | Targeting ischemic lesions | Insufficient product quality |
Reducing the uptake by immune cells with the ability to immune escape | Â | |
Enhancing the translocation across endothelial barriers | Â | |
Reducing the risk of teratoma formation | Â | |
Easy to the mass production | Â | |
Lower cost when compared with preparing extracellular vesicles | Â | |
Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles | Overcoming poor cell engraftment and reducing immune rejection in cell-based therapy | Hard to achieve the mass production |
Extracellular vesicles could be stored safely and easily | Higher cost | |
Extracellular vesicles could obtain the functions of their parent cells and deliver therapeutic agents | Â | |
No risk of teratoma formation | Â | |
Stem cells as drug carriers | iPSCs could effectively target injured tissues | iPSCs might distribute in other normal tissues, which induces side effects |
| Â | The risk of teratoma formation | |
Scaffold-free stem cell sheets | The simple preparation process, good fusion with native skin tissue, the possibility of fabricating from the patient’s cells | A prolonged culture period, limited volume for implantation, inherent physical weakness, and poor vascularization |
Stem cell-laden scaffolds | Improving stem cell survival and promoting transplantation efficiency | The risk of teratoma formation |
Mimicking the skin structure of the epidermis and dermis | Â |