Fig. 6

Therapeutic effect of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) when collected by ultracentrifugation (UC) and tangential flow filtration (TFF). Eight weeks after the CCl4 injection, PBS (vehicle) and sEVs collected by UC (5 μg/mouse) or TFF (5 μg/mouse) were injected into the tail vein. Serum and liver fibrosis analyses were performed 4 weeks after injection. A Serum levels of albumin (ALB), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (T-Bil). B Sirius Red staining of liver tissues. Scale bar, 500 μm. C Calculation of Sirius Red staining area and D quantification of hydroxyproline levels. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM; n = 6 per experiment. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U analysis