Fig. 4

Testosterone contributes to U251 and HA survival. A 5-Ethynyl-2’-Deoxyuridine (EDU) staining comparing U251 survival between the untreated and testosterone-treated groups (n = 3). B Comparison of brain astrocyte shape (protrusions) between the untreated and testosterone-treated brain tissue in inflammation condition using Sholl analysis (n = 3). In the normal female mouse tissue, the astrocytes' shape looked good, and the axons and dendritic protrusions were well differentiated. In the castrated mouse tissue, the astrocyte shape and axons are affected (altered and discontinuous axon protrusions) due to tumor inflammation and a decrease in testosterone level. In testosterone-treated castrated mice, we can observe the regeneration of axon protrusions and improvement of the astrocyte shape even under inflammation. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01