Table 1 Animal studies in allogeneic cartilage transplantation for cartilage defects of knee joints
References | Species | Location | Defect type | Follow-up | Grafted tissue | Outcome | Immune response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bonasia et al. (2016) [42] | Rabbit | Trochlea | Osteochondral defect | 3 and 6 months | Juvenile cartilage fragments | Histologically, PJAC performed better than control. | None mentioned. |
Ao et al.(2019) [43] | Minipig | Trochlea | Full-thickness cartilage defect | 1, 3, and 6 months | PJAC | No statistical difference in repair effect between PJAC and ACC at 6 months. | None mentioned. |
Matsushita et al.(2019) [41] | Rabbit | Trochlea | Osteochondral defect | 4, 12, and 24 weeks | Minced cartilage in atelocollagen gel | Implantation of minced cartilage embedded in atelocollagen gel showed good cartilage repair equivalent to ACI. | None mentioned. |
Zhang et al. (2022) [44] | Minipig | Trochlea | Full-thickness cartilage defect | 1 and 3 months | PJAC | SOX9 expression was stronger in the PJAC than ACC group at 3 months. Transplanted cells survived at least 3 months. | None mentioned. |
Okutani et al. (2022) [45] | Cynomolgus monkey | Trochlea | Osteochondral defect | 4 weeks | cyiPSC-derived cartilage | cyiPSC-derived cartilage survived and was not rejected. | Accumulation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. |
Abe et al. (2023) [46] | Cynomolgus monkey | Trochlea | Osteochondral defect Chondral defect | 4 and 17 weeks | cyiPSC-derived cartilage | cyiPSC-derived cartilage survived and integrated with host native articular cartilage in chondral defects. | Accumulation of lymphocytes in osteochondral defects. None in chondral defects. |