Table 2 Clinical studies of PJAC transplantation

Tompkins et al.(2013) [48]

Case series

Patella

15 knees

2.4 ± 1.2 cm²

28.8 months

KOOS, IKDC, Kujara, Tegner, VAS, MRI

Mean fill of defect at follow-up was 89%.

2 lesions: graft hypertrophy

1 lesion: complete graft failure/delamination

Farr et al. (2014) [13]

Case series

Femoral condyle or Trochlea

29 lesions

2.7 ± 0.8 cm²

24 months

KOOS, IKDC, VAS, MRI

Improved in KOOS, IKDC, and VAS; T2-weighted scores were returning to a level approximating that of normal articular cartilage by 2 years.

2 lesions: partial graft failure/delamination

1 lesion: partially filled defect

Buckwalter et al. (2014) [49]

Case series

Patella

13 patients

2.3 ± 1.8 cm²

8.2 months

KOOS, WOMAC

Improved in KOOS overall.

none

Grawe et al. (2017) [50]

Case series

Patella

45 patients

2.1 ± 1.2 cm²

6,12, and 24 months

MRI

85% of patients at 12mo displayed good to moderate fill.

Demonstrated progressive graft maturation over time by imaging.

1 patient: graft displacement

2 patients: graft hypertrophy

Wang et al. (2018) [14]

Case series

Patella or trochlea

30 lesions

2.1 ± 1.2 cm²

3.8 years

IKDC, KOS-ADL, MAS, MRI

Improved in IKDC and KOS-ADL, no change in MAS. 69% of patients had a majority lesion fill.

none

Dawkins et al. (2022) [15]

Case series

Patella or trochlea

36 knees

2 cm²

33.8 months

Return to sport rate, MRI

Return to sports rate was 100%. 78% of patients had a majority defect fill.

1 knee: Tissue delamination

1 knee: Full-thickness graft fissuring