Table 2 List of SM regeneration stem cells with detailed descriptions of their functions
Stem cells used for SM regeneration | Source | Specific role in SM regeneration | Advantages | Limitations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSCs | SM tissue | SM-specific stem cells differentiate into myoblasts and fuse with prevailing muscle fibers to repair and regenerate SM tissues | High potential for muscle differentiation and self-renewal | Limited availability, potential for aging-related function decline | |
Mesenchymal stromal cells | Bone marrow, adipose tissue, SM tissue | Promote angiogenesis, regulate inflammation, and promote cell differentiation into different cell types, such as myoblasts and myotubes | Low immunogenicity, can differentiate into multiple cell types including SM cells | Limited proliferation potential, the potential for heterogeneity | |
Embryonic stem cells | Embryos | Pluripotent cells that can differentiate into all cell types, including muscle cells | High potential for differentiation and proliferation, can generate all cell types | Ethical concerns, the potential for teratoma formation, immune rejection | [100] |
Induced pluripotent stem cells | Adult cells (e.g. skin cells) reprogrammed to pluripotency | Capable of differentiating into a wide range of cell types, including muscle cells, and can be derived from a patient's cells for personalized regenerative therapy | Possibility of personalized medicine, no ethical issues | Low efficiency of reprogramming, potential for genetic abnormalities, immune rejection | |
Adipose-derived stem cells | Adipose tissue | Can differentiate into myogenic cells and aid in SM regeneration, as well as secrete trophic factors that promote muscle growth | Can differentiate into different types of cells, such as SM cells | Limited availability, the potential for heterogeneity | [84] |
Pericytes | Blood vessels, SM tissue | Possess the capacity to differentiate into myogenic cells, helping to regenerate SM | [85] | ||
Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) | SM tissue | FAPs are activated during the regeneration process and migrate to the site of injury, where they differentiate into myofibroblasts and adipocytes | It can differentiate into muscle cells and regulate SM regeneration |