Table 2 Bacteriophage therapy against liver disease model
Target bacteria | Disease | Design | Route of phage administration | Phage and dosage | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. faecalis | Alcohol-associated liver disease | GF mice transplanted with faecal microbiota of patients | Oral | 3 or 4 pahage (109 PFU) 1Â day before ethanol binge | Phages targeting cytolysin-positive Enterococcus faecalis abolished ethanol-induced liver injury and steatosis. | Duan et al. 2019 [151] |
K. pneumoniae | NAFLD | GF mice transplanted with faecal microbiota of patients | Oral | 2 phages before FMT | FMT with phage pretreatment ameliorated steatopepatitis development. | Yuan et al. 2019 [152] |
K. pneumoniae | NAFLD | GF mice transplanted with faecal microbiota of patients | Oral | 1 phage (106 PFU maximum) once a day for 1, 4 or 7Â days | Phages targeting alcohol-producing K. pneumoniae attenuated steatopepatitis. | Gan et al. 2023 [153] |
K. pneumoniae | PSC | GF or SPF mice transplanted with K. pneumoniae isolated from PSC patients | Oral or intravenous (IV) | 4 phages (109 PFU for oral or 108 PFU for IV) every 3Â days for 3Â weeks | Both oral and IV administration of phages improved K. pneumoniae -induced hepatobiliary injury. | Ichikawa et al. 2023 [116] |