Fig. 1
From: The gateway reflex regulates tissue-specific autoimmune diseases
The IL-6 amplifier. The IL-6 amplifier describes the simultaneous activation of NF-kB and STAT3 in nonimmune cells, leading to a significant production of chemokines and cytokines. Consequently, NF-kB activity is heightened, and the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases emerges due to an excessive inflammatory response. MΦ, macrophages; DC, dendritic cells; NK, natural killer cells; CD8, CD8 + T cells; Th17, Th17 cells. Regarding the gateway reflex, the IL-6 amplifier is activated in vascular endothelial cells near activated local nerves following the section of norepinephrine (NE) from sympathetic nerves