Fig. 2

Metabolic regulation by “metabolic sPLA₂s.” During obesity, two sPLA₂s (IIE and V) are induced in hypertrophic adipocytes. sPLA₂-IIE hydrolyzes PE and PS in lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, and HDL) and facilitates fat accumulation into the peripheral tissues. sPLA₂-V hydrolyzes PC in LDL to release oleate and linoleate, which counteracts the palmitate-induced M1 polarization of macrophages and thereby sequesters adipose tissue inflammation [18]