Table 3 Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes in vitro

Gata4, Hand2, Myocd, Tbx5, miR-1, miR-133,

Human

Human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), adult human cardiac fibroblasts (AHCFs) and and adult human dermal fibroblasts (AHDFs)

~20 % cTnT(+) cells (HFFs)

13 % cTnT(+) cells (AHCFs)

9.5 % cTnT(+) cells (AHDFs)

Bating after 11 weeks (AHCFs)

Using retrovirus

[29]

Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Mesp1, Myocd, Zfp42/Rex1, ESRRG

Human

Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF)

35 % cTnT(+) cells

Using retrovirus and lentivirus

[30]

Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Mesp1, Myocd

Human

Adult cardiac human fibroblasts (AHCFs) and adult dermal fibroblasts (AHDFs)

5 % αactinin(+) and cTnT(+) cells

Beating co-cultured with mouse cardiomyocytes

Using retrovirus

[31]

Ets2, Mesp1

Human

Adult dermal human fibroblasts (AHDFs)

2.3 % αMHC(+) cells

Cells expressing the cardiac mesoderm marker KDR(+) using lentivirus

[32]

Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Mesp1, Myocd, miR-133

Human

Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs)

23~27 % cTNT(+) cells

Using retrovirus

[21]

Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Hand2

Add supplement agents (BMP4, activin A, FGF2, IWR1)

Human

Adult human dermal human fibroblasts (AHDFs)

Cardiac progenitor cells (?)

Using retrovirus

[33]

(−)

9 compounds (9C; CHIR99021, A83-01, BIX01294, SC1, Y27632, OAC2, SU16F, and JNJ10198409)

Human

Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF)

Human fetal lung fibroblasts (HLFs)

6.6 ± 0.4 % of cTNT(+) cells

Chemical reprogramming

[34]