Table 1 Novel AD treatments. The table is modified from Heratizadeh and Werfel [178], Lauffer and Ring [179], Noda et al. [180], Nomura and Kabashima [173], and Werfel et al. [11]
Mechanism of action | Route | Compound | Company | Type of clinical trial | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Targeting pathogenic cytokines and their cognate receptors | |||||
 IL-4/IL-13 receptor α-chain antagonist | SC | Dupilumab | Regeneron | Phase III | Improvement in clinical outcomes, pruritus, and quality of life |
 IL-13 antagonist | SC | Lebrikizumab | Roche | Phase II | Not yet available |
SC | Tralokinumab | AstraZeneca | Phase II | Not yet available | |
 IL-23p40 antagonist | SC | Ustekinumab | Janssen | Phase II | Not yet available |
 IL-22 antagonist | IV | Fezakinumab | Pfizer | Phase II | Not yet available |
 IL-31 receptor antagonist | SC | Nemolizumab | Roche | Phase II | Improvement in pruritus and EASI score |
 IL-31 antagonist | SC, IV | BMS-981164 | Bristol-Myers Squibb | Phase I | Not yet available |
 IL-1R1 antagonist | SC | Anakinra | Sobi | Phase I | Unpublished |
 IL-6 | SC, IV | Tocilizumab | Genentech | Case series | Improvement in EASI score |
Targeting pathogenic molecules | |||||
 PDE-4 inhibitors | Topical | Crisaborole | Anacor | Phase III | ISGA score success |
Topical | E6005 | Eisai | Phase II | EASI score and SCORAD improvement | |
Topical | DRM02 | QLT | Phase II | Not yet available | |
Oral | Apremilast | Celgene | Phase II | EASI score improvement | |
 CRTh2 antagonist | Oral | ODC-9101 | Oxagen | Phase II | Not yet available |
Oral | Fevipiprant | Novartis | Phase II | Not yet available | |
 JAK inhibitor | Topical | Tofacitinib | Pfizer | Phase II | Decrease in EASI score |
Oral | Pf-04965842 | Pfizer | Phase II | Not yet available | |
 TSLP antagonist | SC | Tezepelumab | Amgen | Phase II | Not yet available |
Targeting IgE | |||||
 IgE antagonist | SC | Omalizumab | Novartis | Stopped after proof-of-concept study | Heterogeneous results |
SC | Ligelizumab | Novartis | Phase II | Not yet available | |