Table 1 Reported cases of GPA with cranial neuropathies
From: Successful rituximab treatment of granulomatosis with polyangiitis with cranial neuropathies
Reference | Age and sex | Signs and symptoms | Cranial nerve involvement | MRI findings | Treatment for induction | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[7] | 23F | Otalgia, facial paralysis, dysphagia | V, IX, X | Mass on right skull base encasing the carotid sheath | GC + CY | No recurrence for 1 year |
[8] | 42F | Dysphagia, paresis of fifth nerve, genioglossus, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid | V, IX, X, XI, XII | Normal | GC + oral CY | No recurrence for 30 months |
[6] | 73F | Dysarthria, left hearing loss, paresis of hypoglossal nerve | VIII, IX, X, XII | Mass on left skull base encasing the internal carotid artery | GC + intravenous CY | Failure for re-induction |
[9] | 35 M | Dysphagia, paresis of vagus and accessory nerve | X, XI | Not performed (brain CT was normal) | GC + CY | No recurrence for 6 months |
[10] | 30F | Dysarthria, paresis of hypoglossal nerve | XII | Right-sided retropharyngeal mass effacing the carotid sheath | GC + MTX | Not described |
[11] | 42 M | Hearing loss, facial nerve palsy | VII, VIII | Not described | GC + oral CY | Failure for re-induction |
[12] | 69 M | Diplopia | VI | Normal | GC + oral CY | No recurrence for 4 months |
[12] | 31F | Hoarseness, dysphagia, hypoglossal nerve and abducens nerve palsies | VI, X, XI, XII | Normal | GC + CY | Not described |
[13] | 56F | Facial palsy and hearing loss | VII, VIII | Mass on central and posterior skull base adjoinin the clivus and jugular foramen | GC | Not described |