Fig. 1

Phylogeny of orthocoronaviruses. Maximum likelihood (ML)-based phylogenetic tree of 61 orthocoronaviruses. Partial amino acid sequences of ORF1ab were used for the analysis. We generated the multiple alignment of the sequences using L-INS-i of MAFFT version 7.453 [9], and the amino acid substitution model LG+I+G was selected using ProtTest3 [10]. Based on the model, we constructed an ML tree using RAxML-NG [11] applying 1000 bootstrapping tests. GenBank or GISAID (that was indicated by asterisk (*)) accession number, strain name, and host of each virus are indicated for each branch terminal. CoVs obtained from humans or bats are shown in red or blue, respectively. A black or open circle corresponds to bootstrap values ≥ 95% or ≥ 80%, respectively. The scale is shown in the upper left