Fig. 2
From: Ex vivo generation of platelet products from human iPS cells
Turbulence promotes platelet generation to allow for the production of 100 billion platelets ex vivo. From in vivo imaging, platelet release was observed at the sites of turbulence in the blood flow. By applying turbulence ex vivo, we succeeded in obtaining 100 million functional platelets from a single imMKCL clone in an 8-L VerMES. Two physical parameters, turbulent energy and shear stress, are involved in the bioreactor scale-up, and turbulence stimulated imMKCL to releases the soluble factors IGFBP2, MIF, and NRDC, which activated the platelet production[25]