Fig. 3
From: Role of circulating molecules in age-related cardiovascular and metabolic disorders
Interaction of circulating molecules described in this review article. Growth differentiation factor (GDF) 11 and activin A binds with activin type II receptor (ActRII). Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme of carboxylase and enhances the carboxylation of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) to carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC). Growth hormone (GH) secreted from the pituitary gland increases the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Insulin and IGF-1 bind with IGF-1 receptor and/or insulin receptor (InsR). These affect organs or conditions as described in the figure