Fig. 1From: Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer’s disease: recent advances and challengesDiagram of amyloid plaque formation. APP, a transmembrane protein, is cleaved by three enzymes, including α, β, and γ-secretase. In the normal physiological state, most of the APP (90% or more) are cleaved by α-secretase and γ-secretase, which generates sAPPα and C terminal fragments (p3, CTF 83, and AICD50). However, under pathological conditions, most of the APP undergoes the amyloidogenic APP processing pathway, wherein Aβ generation is significantly increased and induces the formation of Aβ amyloid fibrils. APP, amyloid precursor protein; sAPPα, soluble amyloid precursor protein α; sAPPβ, soluble amyloid precursor protein β; ACID, APP intracellular domain; CTF, carboxy-terminal fragmentBack to article page