Fig. 7From: Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer’s disease: recent advances and challengesEffects and mechanisms for non-invasive therapies in AD. These non-invasive treatments are able to alleviate neuronal apoptosis, improve cerebral perfusion, recruit microglia around amyloid plaques, improve microglial phagocytosis, attenuate oxidative stress, regulate LTP and LTD, promote neurogenesis, preserve synaptic proteins, alleviate mtDNA damage, improve glymphatic clearance, regulate neurotransmitters, increase neurotrophins, maintain mitochondrial function and mitochondrial dynamics, promote the transformation of glial cells from neurotoxic to neuroprotective phenotype, and promote angiogenesisBack to article page