Fig. 6

Co-localization of amyloid-β (Aβ) and activated glial cells in HP-infected mouse brain. A Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by three types of secretases. APP cleavage by β-secretase/γ-secretase produces the plaque-forming pathogenic Aβ42 (42 amino acids in length). APP cleavage by α-secretase/γ-secretase produces the soluble Aβ40 (40 amino acids in length). B AD model mice (double transgenic of mutant APP and mutant PS1) were infected with HP. Five months later, we harvested the brain and compared the brain sections with that of uninfected AD model mice. Representative IHC double-staining images of Aβ (blue color) and activated microglia (Iba1, brown color, left panels) or astrocytes (GFAP, brown color, right panels) are shown. In HP-infected AD model mice, Aβ plaques (red dotted circles) were observed adjacent to activated microglia (left) and astrocytes (right). Anti-Aβ and GFAP antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling (Beverly, MA). C Microglial activation scores were compared between HP-infected versus uninfected mice. n = 9/group, *P < 0.05, compared with uninfected mice (Student’s t test)