Table 1 Baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients and healthy controls included in the proteomic analysis
HC | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 4) | (n = 4) | (n = 4) | (n = 4) | (Group 3 vs Group 2) | (Groups 2 and 3 vs Group 1) | (COVID-19 vs HC) | |
Age (year) | 73 ± 6.4 | 74 ± 6.8 | 64 ± 10.5 | 81 ± 1.9 | 0.065 | 0.83 | 1 |
Sex | |||||||
Male /female | 3 (75)/ 1 (25) | 3 (75)/ 1 (25) | 3 (75)/ 1 (25) | 3 (75)/ 1 (25) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Smoking | |||||||
Never/ former/ current | 2 (50)/ 0/ 2 (50) | 1 (25)/ 3 (75)/ 0 | 1 (25)/ 3 (75)/ 0 | 2 (50)/ 2 (50)/ 0 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.012 |
WBC count (103/μL) | 6557.5 ± 1686.8 | 12,660 ± 2429.4 | 11,320.0 ± 2631.1 | 7982.5 ± 1050.4 | 0.087 | 0.15 | 0.033 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 3.5 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.013 |
D-dimer (μg/mL) | NA | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 0.91 | 0.6 | ‒ |
LDH (U/mL) | 192.7 ± 34.7 | 261.3 ± 9.0 | 325.0 ± 36.8 | 286.8 ± 47.2 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.0056 |
Hypertension | 2 (50) | 0 | 1 (25) | 2 (50) | 0.47 | 0.16 | 0.35 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0 | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 | 1 | 0.27 |
Dyslipidemia | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 1 (25) | 2 (50) | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.76 |
Coronary heart disease | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (25) | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.55 |
Chronic kidney disease | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ‒ | ‒ | ‒ |
Days after onset | ‒ | 16.0 ± 3.7 | 14.0 ± 2.9 | 14.3 ± 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.35 | ‒ |
Days after dexamethasone | ‒ | 6.8 ± 1.3 | 9.5 ± 0.9 | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 0.83 | 0.011 | ‒ |