Fig. 2
From: Bone regeneration in inflammation with aging and cell-based immunomodulatory therapy
Immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties that may benefit bone regeneration in inflammation: MSCs secret several chemokines, CCL2 and CCL4, potent chemoattractants for monocytes and macrophages. MSCs prevent M1 macrophage polarization and induce M2 polarization through cytokines such as PGE2 and Il-10 and then reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) from M1 macrophage and increased the secretion of growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, and IGF-1) from M2 macrophages. MSCs can suppress adaptive immune responses by promoting the expansion and immune suppressive potency of regulatory T cells through the secretion of cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β, PGE2, and HLA-G