Table 2 Application of different FGFs in non-critical-sized bone defect in vivo models

FGF2

200 μg

Monkey ulna fracture

Injectable gelatin hydrogel

Bone mineral content and mechanical properties

Accelerates fracture healing and prevents nonunion

[67]

FGF2

2.5 μg

Rat periodontal defect (2 × 2 × 1.7 mm)

Injectable calcium phosphate cement

Histology and histomorphometry of bone

Increased periodontal regeneration

[68]

FGF2

50 μg

Rat calvarial defect (4-mm diameter)

PLGA/β-TCP

Histomorphometry of bone

Enhanced bone regeneration

[69]

FGF2

50 μg/ml

Rat calvarial defect (5-mm diameter)

Collagen and nano-bioactive glass hybrid membrane

Histomorphometry of bone

Accelerated bone regeneration

[70]

FGF2

45 μg

Rabbit femoral condyle (4-mm diameter and 6 mm long)

Hydrogel polymer

Bone mass and microarchitecture

Enhanced bone regeneration

[32]

FGF2

10 μg

Rat tibia (2-mm diameter, 4 mm long)

Titanium implant

Bone histomorphometry

Synergistically enhanced new bone formation

[71]

Melatonin

100 mg/kg i.p.

FGF2

200, 400, or 800 μg

Human tibia (high tibial osteotomy)

Gelatin hydrogel

Radiographic assessment of bone

Dose dependently accelerated bone union

[72]

FGF2

100 μg

Rabbit femoral condyle (10 mm² × 5 mm depth)

Interconnected porous calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic

Bone histomorphometry

Decreases lamellar bone formation, increases vascularization and osseointegration

[73]

FGF2

0, 25, or 250 ng

Rat calvarial defect (3.5-mm diameter)

PLGA/gelatin

Radiological, histological, and biochemical examination

Low-dose administration enhanced the degree of calcification and ALP activity

[74]

BMP2

0.1 mg/ml

FGF9

2 μg

Mouse tibia (1-mm defect)

Collagen sponge

Bone histomorphometry

Enhances angiogenesis and bone regeneration

[19]