Table 3 Perfusion culture technology. The table shows several advantages and disadvantages of perfusion culture technologies

(a) Host blood circulation

Transplantation into rich vasculature sites

Without high technique and prompt vascularization

The size of transplantation tissues have limitation

[7, 8]

AV-loop flap

Prompt vascularization and retransplantation with vascular anastomosis

Necessity of technique for anastomosis

[41, 42]

(b) Perfusion culture medium

Animal template application

Native vasculature can apply

Difficulty of maintaining animal template for long time in vitro

[43]

Microchannel in matrix and on chip

Animal-free experiments

Necessity of promotion vascularization ability

[45]