Table 1 Relation of TLRs with chronic inflammatory diseases
From: New application of anti-TLR monoclonal antibodies: detection, inhibition and protection
Disease | TLR | Roles for TLR on disease |
|---|---|---|
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) | TLR4 TLR9 | TLR4 mRNA expression is increased in the liver of NASH patients [49]. TLR9 recognizes host-derived mitochondrial DNA and induces inflammation [47, 48]. |
Psoriasis | TLR7 TLR9 | Antimicrobial peptide LL37, a factor of psoriasis, associates with self-derived DNA and stimulate TLR9 in pDCs [67]. Administration of imiquimod, a TLR7 ligand, induces psoriasis-like dermatitis via T cell activation with IL-17/IL-23 production [71] . |
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | TLR7 TLR9 | TLR7 and TLR9 contribute to the production of autoantibody in SLE model mouse [34, 35, 72]. Especially, TLR7 is thought as an inducer of the phenotype [34, 35, 73, 74]. Controversially, protective effect of TLR9 on SLE is also reported [73, 75, 76]. |
Celiac Disease | TLR7 TLR8 | Suggestive association of the SNP on TLR7 and TLR8 with celiac disease is found by genome-wide association study (GWAS) [77]. |
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) | TLR4 TLR9 | TLR4 expresses on β cells in islets and induces signaling by recognizing HMGB1 [78]. TLR9 contributes to the activation of T cells in NOD mice, a model of T1D [69, 79, 80]. |
Rheumatoid arthritis | TLR8 TLR9 | Human TLR8 transgenic mice develop arthritis spontaneously [81]. Cathepsin K is required for the response of TLR9, and an inhibitor of Cathepsin K attenuates TH17 polarization and arthritis [68]. |