Table 1 List of a few of the different modifications of PRX, the various processability of PRXs, and the effect of molecular mobility on cellular functions and their possible applications

1

Methylated PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; hMSC

H.Mf: ↓ RhoA signaling; L.Mf:↑ RhoA signaling

Modulating stem cell differentiation into adipogenic or osteogenic

[45]

2

Methylated PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; iPSC

H.Mf: ↑ Rac1, ↑TnT2; L.Mf:↓ Rac1, ↓TnT2

Enhancing cardiomyocyte differentiation from iPSCs

[46]

3

bFGF immobilized S-PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; hMSC

H.Mf: ↑ Nanog, ↑Oct4, Cytoplasmic YAP; L.Mf:↓ Nanog, ↓Oct4, Nuclear YAP

Retention of hMSCs stemness during expansion phase

[47]

4

BMP2/S-PRX

Polyelectrolyte complex

In vitro; MC3T3-E1

More tolerant to noggin deactivation, prolonged Smad signaling

Enhancing osteogenic differentiation

[50]

5

BMP2/S-PRX

Polyelectrolyte complex coated onto collagen scaffold

In Vivo; mouse cranial defect

Rapid bone regeneration

Potential bone graft substitute

[51]

6

BMP2 tethered S-PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; MC3T3-E1

Tethering BMP2 to S-PRX enhances cell adhesion and osteogenic gene expression

Enhancing osteogenic differentiation

[52]

7

PEG crosslinked with aminated PRX

Porous scaffold

In vitro; primary rabbit chondrocytes

Interconnected pores in scaffold; fast water absorption and swelling of hydrogel; very good cell adhesion

Potential scaffold for cartilage regeneration

[54]

8

PEG crosslinked with aminated PRX and terminal ester linkages

Porous scaffold

In vitro; primary rabbit chondrocytes

Enhanced trapping of cells; tunable degradation of scaffold; enhanced GAG production

Potential scaffold for cartilage regeneration

[55]

9

Cholesterol-modified PRX

Porous scaffold

In vitro; primary rabbit chondrocytes

Enhanced cell adhesion; tunable degradation of scaffold; enhanced GAG production

Potential scaffold for cartilage regeneration

[56]

10

RGD-conjugated PRX

Injectable scaffold

In vitro; L929 mouse fibroblasts

Enhanced biocomaptibility and cell adhesion

Injectable hydrogel scaffold

[58]

11

RGD-conjugated PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; NIH3T3

Rapid integrin binding; more cellular spreading

Improving ligand-cell interaction in biomaterial surfaces

[38]

12

VEGF-immobilized S-PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; HUVEC

L.Mf: enhanced cell proliferation; increased RhoA, Pdgf, ang1; increased endothelial network

Enhancing angiogenesis

[60]

13

HBEGF-immobilized S-PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; HEPG2

H.Mf: cytoplasmic YAP retention; increased albumin secretion

Proliferating functional hepatic cells; liver tissue engineering

[61]

14

RGD-conjugated PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; PC12

Increased cellular adhesion

Modulating neuronal differentiation

[63]

15

RGD-conjugated PRX

Thin coating

In vitro; P19CL6

Early formation of beating cardiomyocytes

Modulating cardiomyocyte differentiation

[63]

16

Methylated PRX

Thin Coating

In vitro; C2C12

Enhanced myogenesis related genes

Muscle regeneration

[64]

17

PRX-crosslinked collagen

Corneal membrane

In vivo; rabbit corneal injury

Enhanced remodeling of corneal epithelium and stroma

Corneal regeneration

[65]

18

Methylated PRX

Thin Coating

In vivo, rat subcutaneous implantation

H.Mf: induced collagen fibrillogenesis; suppressed recruitment of the macrophage

Collagen fibrillogenesis and inflammation control

[62]