Fig. 3

An interface between immune and metabolic systems: adipose tissue CLS. Immune cells infiltrate adipose tissue in response to body weight gain, induce chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, and affect the functions of remote organs, such as the liver, through aberrant adipokine production. In this regard, the CLS serves as a driving engine to induce metabolic inflammatory responses in obese adipose tissue (adipose tissue CLS). Intriguingly, a similar structure occurs in the liver in the progression from simple hepatic steatosis to NASH (hepatic CLS). Thus, the considerable attention to the interface between immune and metabolic systems has led to the emerging concept of “immunometabolism.” Created with BioRender.com