Fig. 3
From: State-of-the-art liver disease research using liver-on-a-chip
Study of alcoholic liver diseases using liver-on-a-chips. A Interactions between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells are essential for the progression of alcoholic liver disease. Created with Biorender.com. B The design of the 5-chamber reconfigurable coculture device, which can be utilized to evaluate interactions between hepatocytes and HSCs. Hepatocytes produce TGF-β after ethanol treatment and HSCs produce TGF-β due to exposure with TGF-β and other molecules secreted from injured hepatocytes. Reprinted with permission from ref [32]. Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry. C The design of the liver-sinusoid-on-a-chip, which can be utilized to evaluate interactions between hepatocytes, HSCs, and LSECs. By ethanol treatment, ROS production and α-SMA expression were enhanced in hepatocytes and HSCs, respectively. Reprinted with permission from ref [33]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature. D The design of Liver-Chip, which can be utilized to evaluate interactions between hepatocytes, LSECs, and KCs. ROS production increases by ethanol, then normalizes after the recovery period. Adapted with permission under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License from ref [34]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier