Pathogenesis and management of gastrointestinal inflammation and fibrosis: from inflammatory bowel diseases to endoscopic surgery

Table 1 Predictors of fibrostenosing Crohn’s disease

Clinical	Age at diagnosis < 40 years
	Perianal disease at diagnosis
	Need for steroids during first flare
	Early use of azathioprine or anti-TNF
	Small bowel disease location
	Prior appendectomy
Environmental	Smoking
Endoscopic	Deep mucosal laceration
Genetic	Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2)
	ATG16L1
	NOD2/CARD15 mutations on both chromosomes
	TNF superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) in Asians
	5T5T in the MMP3 gene
	rs1363670
Serological	Antimicrobial antibodies
Serological	Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) IgA in Asians

ISSN: 1880-8190